The Significance of Prophet Moses in Islam

Prophets are the true servants of God. From the Islamic perspective, all Prophets are considered role models for humanity. However, some Prophets are given more attention due to the nature of their missions. One of them is Prophet Moses. Because of many challenges he faced during his mission to promote his religion, Judaism, the adventures of his life have been mentioned in the Quran more those of other Prophets. Prophet Moses suffered a lot at the hands of Pharaoh and also his own people. But God never left him alone. He gave Moses great miracles to prove the authenticity of his religion.

Different Perspectives on Judaism

Prophet Moses is the third Arch-Prophet, and his religion is Judaism. There are different perspectives on whether Judaism is the religion of the Children of Israel or a universal one.

Some believe that Judaism is the religion of the Children of Israel. When we study the life of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him and His Family), we learn that before the call to prophethood, he was a hanif [a believer in the One God with unwavering faith]. In other words, he was an Abrahamic monotheist while there are two Arch Prophets after Abraham and two different religions, i.e., Judaism and Christianity. This raises a question: Why was Prophet Muhammad a hanif while he could be a Jew or Christian? According to a hadith by Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him and His Family), he was granted five privileges that none of the prophets before him had been given. One of them was that he was sent to all humankind [1]. Furthermore, the apparent meaning of many verses indicate that Judaism was not a universal religion. For example, according to the Quran, God said to Moses, “Bring your people out of darkness into light” [2]. So, Prophet Moses is probably the prophet sent to the Children of Israel, and he confronted Pharaoh to save the Children of Israel from him [3]. The Quran explicitly states that the divine Scripture given to Moses is a guide for the Children of Israel [4]. According to Arabic grammar rules, the proposition “Li” in the phrase “Li Bani Israel” does not imply ownership, rather it means ‘for.’ So Moses was the prophet of the Children of Israel. In the Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah, when God reminds the Children of Israel of His blessings [5], he also mentions the prophethood of Moses as one of His blessings given to them. It implies that the mission of Moses was to guide the Children of Israel. Even for addressing the law of retribution, the phrase “We ordained for the Children of Israel,” has been used in the Quran. This is the same phrase that has been mentioned in the Torah [6]. So most of the time that God has addressed Moses and given him a command, it relates to the Children of Israel, not all people.

According to the Torah, Judaism is the religion of Jewish people. In Exodus 5, 8, 20, 21, 23, and 25, the Children of Israel have been addressed. Similarly, in Deuteronomy 5 and 14, most topics pertain to Jews and their issues.

Muhammad Husayn Tabataba’i, one of the foremost Quranic commentators, believed that the religions of all Ulul Azm Prophets (Arch Prophets) were universal. His argument was that God’s sending Prophet Moses to Pharaoh, someone outside the Children of Israel, indicates that Moses’ message was intended for all people, making him a universal prophet [7]. He asserted that the conversion of non-Israelite magicians to Moses’s religion, proves that Moses’s religion was universal. It is worth noting that many Shia scholars shared the belief that all Ulul Azm Prophets had a universal religion. There are several hadith by Imam Reza (Peace Be upon Him), saying that Ulul Azm Prophets were sent to the East and West as well as to the humans and the Jinn. Moreover, any Prophet who lived during Moses’s time or afterward, until the time of Jesus, was the follower of Moses and believed in his book. These accounts indicate that Moses was a universal prophet.

However, it does not matter whether Prophet Moses was sent to the Children of Israel or all human beings. The important thing here is the time of his prophethood. According to the Muslim belief, Judaism was only valid during the time of Moses and the period between Moses and Jesus. Indeed, the true followers of Moses were required to adhere to the teachings of Jesus when he became a prophet [8].

This article will discuss Prophet Moses, his holy book, and the miracles he performed to prove the authenticity of Judaism.

The Sacred Book of Judaism

The sacred book of Moses is the Torah. The word ‘Torah’ is mentioned frequently in the Quran, which recognizes the Torah as the heavenly book of Moses. Historically, the Torah is the oldest written scripture among the Abrahamic religions. The oldest known manuscripts of the Torah are a few scrolls from before the Common Era. The word ‘Torah’ is Hebrew and translates into ‘instruction’ [9].

Jews believe that the Torah was revealed to Moses at Mount Sinai. The Torah is also called the Law of Moses [10]. The Quran speaks in two ways about the sacred book of Jews and the Law of Moses: Some verses refer to the tablets revealed to Moses, while others explicitly use the term “Torah” to describe this book [11]. According to Jewish interpretations, the ‘Tablets of Moses’ contained the Ten Commandments, while the widely known Torah includes a compilation of laws and moral teachings.

In Judaism, ‘Sefer’ means a letter or large book. The Torah is the compilation of five Sefer or books, collectively referred to as the Pentateuch.

The Book of Genesis

This book of the Torah recounts the story of the creation of the human being and the universe, the lives of Prophet Adam and his wife, Eve, Prophet Noah, Prophet Abraham, Prophet Lot, Prophet Ishmael, and Prophet Isaac. It also says about the lives of Prophet Jacob and his children. This book ends with the story of Joseph’s life and death.

The Book of Exodus

The Book of Exodus is about the enslavement of the Children of Israel in Egypt and the birth and mission of Prophet Moses. It also recounts the Exodus of the Children of Israel, their wandering in the desert, the various laws of God, and also the Ten Commandments.

The Book of Leviticus

This book is about ritual, legal, and moral practices. It is kind of a guidebook for Kohens (priest) because it explains how to worship God in synagogue; it explains the purification laws and how to observe sacred times and Jewish festivals.

The Book of Numbers

This book focuses on the journey of the Children of Israel in the desert. It also speaks about the events occurred on the journey of the Children of Israel from Egypt to Cannan and the Conquest of Canaan.

The Book of Deuteronomy

Known as “the Repetition of the Torah,” this book reiterates the laws and narratives in the first four books of the Torah and Judaism. It also introduces Joshua as the leader of the Children of Israel and describes how Prophet Moses passed away.

The Authenticity of the Torah from the Perspective of Jews and Muslims

Jews and Muslims have different opinions about the origin of the Torah. Although Jews and Christians ascribe the Torah to Moses, they do not believe that it is a verbatim book. In other words, they believe that the words of the Torah are not the exact words of God. However, Muslims believe that the undistorted Torah is a verbatim book, and all its words are God’s words. The Quran emphasizes that both the Torah and the Bible are distorted books [12]. So Muslims believe that the most important parts of the Torah have been distorted.

A notable example that proves the Torah has been distorted is the omission of descriptions of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him and His Family) and the foretelling of his coming. Muslims believe the current Torah comprises parts of the original Torah revealed to Moses alongside additions and changes made by some individuals.

The Tablets of Prophet Moses

In Judaism, the verses of the Torah that contain important commandments regarding monotheism and social interactions are known as the Ten Commandments. These verses were revealed to Prophet Moses on Mount Sinai. According to the Torah, God inscribed these Commandments on the tablets of stone [13].

Three months after the Exodus, Prophet Moses and Joshua went on Mount Sinai. They stayed there for forty days. During this period, the tablets were revealed to Prophet Moses [14]. The Ten Commandments refer to the instructions inscribed on these tablets and were revealed to Moses. The Torah mentions that the Ten Commandments were written by “the finger of God” on two stone tablets, while the remaining laws of the Torah were written by Moses himself [15].

The Ten Commandments form the foundation of the laws and teachings of the Torah. They are enumerated in different ways. The most well-known content of the Ten Commandments is that God spoke to Prophet Moses and revealed the following laws.

1. a) “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.”
2. b) “You shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing love to a thousand generations of those who love me and keep my commandments.”
3. c) “You shall not misuse the name of the LORD your God, for the LORD will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name.”
4. d) “Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.”
5. e) “For six days’ work is to be done, but the seventh day is a day of Sabbath rest, holy to the LORD.”
6. f) “Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you.”
7. g) The commandments: “You shall not commit adultery,” “You shall not murder,” “You shall not steal,” “You shall not covet,” and whatever other commands there may be, are summed up in this one command: “Love your neighbor as yourself.”

The content of the Ten Commandments has been mentioned in several verses of the Quran [16]. The Quran also speaks about the tablets of Prophet Moses [17]. There are various interpretations regarding the difference between the Torah and the Tablets of Prophet Moses. Some scholars believe the content of the two is identical, while others suggest that there are hierarchical relations between them. Even there are different opinions about the numbers of the tablets. Some commentators believe that there were two, seven, or nine tablets. After Moses smashed the tablets, it is said that only one or two remained, and God reclaimed the rest. The commentators also do not have the same opinion about the material of the tablets. They ranged them from emerald, ruby, and sapphire to a sturdy stone. However, according to Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him and His Family), they were made of the heaven’s Cedar tree [18].

The Talmud

When we study Judaism, we encounter a significant book called the Talmud. The Talmud is a multi-volume, comprehensive book. It has been compiled by the successive generations of Jewish scholars over several centuries. It can be considered as an encyclopedia, containing various extensive information about Jewish and non-Jewish life, customs, beliefs, and traditions. The compilation of the Talmud spanned from the second to the early sixth century CE, a period referred to as the “Talmudic Era.” The Talmud consists of two basic parts:

The Mishnah: The core content of the Talmud, it is the Jewish oral law. It serves as the legal and theological textbook.

The Gemara: It is a supplementary and explanatory text that elaborates on the Mishnah. It also provides extensive information on various topics, including legal subjects, Judaism, and even non-legal subjects such as literature and storytelling.

Since the Mishnah was compiled in two distinct centers—Babylon and Palestine—there are two versions of the Talmud: The Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud.

The importance of the Talmud in Judaism is to the extent that it is called the Oral Torah. Jews believe the oral Torah was revealed to Prophet Moses alongside the written Torah on Mount Sinai. However, the oral Torah was transmitted orally for centuries. So it is as important as the Torah.

Basically, the Mishnah is a book that Jews memorize. The Mishnah consists of six sections; each section is called order (seder). The Mishnah encompasses 63 tractates. Each tractate has several chapters. On the whole, it has 523 chapters. Each chapter includes numerous sections.

The Mishnah has addresses over 4,000 religious issues. The six order of this book covers subjects like agriculture laws, the laws of the Sabbath and festivals, family and marital laws, civil and criminal law, the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, food purity, and bodily purity, prayer, and blessings.

The Talmud has helped the dispersed communities of Jews all over the world to preserve their identity. It is regarded as the cornerstone of the Jewish community; however, various sects of Jewish community have reacted in different ways to compilation of the Talmud. Some opposed its compilers, insisting that only the written Torah is accurate and reliable. Muslims believe that only what revealed to Prophet Moses by God is divine revelation. They hold that like some parts of the Torah that has been distorted, the Talmud is also a distorted book.

A Review of Prophet Moses’ Miracles from His Birth and During His Prophethood

The miracles of Prophet Moses are mentioned in the Quran more than the miracles of other prophets. His life, from birth to death, was full of miracles. Surviving as a newborn boy, at a time when Pharaoh ordered all Israelite newborn baby boys to be killed, was not an ordinary miracle. His upbringing in Pharaoh’s palace, under the care of Asiya, who had a pure heart, was another extraordinary event that paved the way for Moses to become a prophet in the future.

As Prophet Moses grew into a brave and righteous young man, it was time for him to change his lifestyle and curve out a new path in life. On the one hand, he had to confront Pharaoh and his followers, known as the Copts, and on the other hand, he faced the complexities of dealing with the Children of Israel, a group with their own particular traits.

Prophet Moses had to handle multiple tasks simultaneously:

1. a) Guiding and protecting the Children of Israel.
2. b) Guiding Pharaoh and his followers, delivering divine punishment when necessary.
3. c) Teaching the divine law and the Torah to human beings
4. d) Laying the foundations of the divine civilization

Fulfilling such immense tasks simultaneously amid the stubborn fussy people, who clung to disbelief and defiance, was no easy task. This needed something that went beyond normal occurrences, an event beyond human capability. They needed miracles that could soften their hardened hearts and make them reflect on their actions. So, to aid Moses to cope with immense tasks, God gave him great miracles at different stages of his life, each suited to the circumstances of the time.

Types of Miracles Performed by Prophet Moses

During his mission, Prophet Moses dealt with different groups of people. On the one hand, he confronted Pharaoh and Copts, most of whom were disbelievers. On the other hand, he dealt with the Children of Israel who were oppressed people. So it is natural that Prophet Moses performed different types of miracles for each group.

For Pharaoh and the Copts

The purpose of some miracles was to punish Pharaoh and his followers or encourage them to believe in One God and the prophethood of Prophet Moses.

For the Children of Israel

Other miracles performed by Prophet Moses to strengthen the faith of the Children of Israel, help them to become steadfast, and convince them to believe in Moses.

Prophet Moses’ Perseverance and Miracles in Establishing a Divine Civilization

Prophet Moses endured immense suffering to build a divine civilization. His miracles played a pivotal role during the ups and downs of his prophethood. These miracles have been mentioned in various verses of the Quran. Miracles like turning his staff into a serpent, placing his hand inside his shirt and it coming out white as snow, a swarm of locusts, the flood, the Nile turning into blood, agricultural pests, parting the sea, and other remarkable miracles will be discussed in this article.

The Threat to Moses’s Life at Birth

Prophet Joseph had prophesied that Moses would be born and Pharaoh would be killed in confrontation with him. So, according to this prophecy and the prediction of the court magicians and Kohens, Pharaoh ordered the male boys of the Children of Israel to be killed [19].

Moses was only a few months old, and His mother feared for his safety. God inspired her to cast Moses into the river and calmed her heart, giving her the good news that He would return Moses to her and make him one of the messengers. Moses’ mother put him in a chest, and then she went to the Nile River and cast the chest into the water. Meanwhile Moses’ mother said to her daughter, “Go after him and see what happens.”

The waves of the Nile carried Moses to the palace of Pharaoh. As soon as Asiya saw Moses, her heart filled with his love. She pleaded with Pharaoh to spare the child and adopt him, to which Pharaoh agreed. However, they were confronted with a problem. Moses did not allow anyone to breast feed her. Although there were several wet nurses, the baby did not drink milk. Moses’ sister, in disguise, recommended her mother as a wet nurse. So God returned Moses to her mother. Moses was nursed and raised by his mother [20].

The Journey of Prophet Moses from Palace to Prophethood

Moses grew up in Pharaoh’s palace. When he reached his maturity, God gave him wisdom and knowledge. After he killed an Egyptian (a Copt), in defense of an Israelite, fearing retribution from Pharaoh, Moses fled to Midian. In Midian, he was mentored by Prophet Shuaib, his father-in-law. After living in Midian for ten years, he decided to return to Egypt. On his way back, he saw a light coming from Sinai. He went there to bring an amber from the fire for his family. It was there that he was chosen by God as a Prophet. This event has been discussed in detail in the article “The Quran’s Perspective: How Israelites Treated Prophet Moses.”

The Miracles of Prophet Moses

As it was mentioned before, Prophet Moses’ miracles played a pivotal role during the ups and downs of his prophethood. Based on the Quran itself, although nine miracles of Prophet Moses have been explicitly mentioned in the Quran, the total number of his miracles exceeds nine. The nine miracles specifically mentioned pertain to those performed for Pharaoh and the Copts, rather than all the miracles of Prophet Moses. In the following, we will mention the most significant miracles of Prophet Moses.

The Staff of Moses and His White Hand (Yad Bayda)

On Mount Sinai, God said to Moses to throw his staff. He threw it. Then a great miracle happened; thereupon the staff became a moving snake [21]. In another miracle, when Moses put his hand into his shirt, it became white as snow [22]. God gave Moses miracles to guide Pharaoh and liberate people from his hand.

When Moses went to Pharaoh, he said, “O Pharaoh, I am a messenger from the Lord of the Worlds. I have come to you with clear evidence from your Lord, so let the Children of Israel go with me.”

Pharaoh said, “If you brought a miracle, then present it, if you are truthful [23].”

Moses then performed miracles he had performed on Mount Sinai. He threw his staff on the ground, and it turned into a serpent.

Pharaoh dismissed Moses’ miracles as magic. He gathered the best magicians of Egypt to challenge Prophet Moses. During this gathering, the ropes and sticks that magicians had thrown appeared to people to be crawling swiftly. The crowd got excited [24]. However, when the staff of Moses turned into a terrifying serpent and swallowed magicians’ fake snakes, everyone was astonished. It was proved that there is only One God [25].

Recognizing the authenticity of Moses’s miracle, the magicians—experts in their craft—realized that this was no sorcery but a miracle. So, although the magicians had been threatened by Pharaoh, they believed in One God.

The Five Miracles or Plagues of Moses

In the Quran 7:133, five plagues or miracles of Moses have been mentioned. The reason behind these recurring miracles was that Pharaoh and his followers persisted in disbelief. Even though they had seen many miracles, they were still arrogant.

When Pharaoh did not accept Moses’ request for freeing the Children of Israel, the promised punishment was fulfilled and a storm struck Egypt. After a while, Pharaoh, overwhelmed by the storm, promised Moses that if the punishment was lifted, he would believe in God and release the Children of Israel. However, when God lifted the punishment, he did not believe in God and continued to excruciate the Children of Israel. This event repeated five times, with five apparent plagues and miracles [26]:

The Storm (Tufan)

The rain poured relentlessly, causing the Nile to overflow. Floodwater surged into the city. Homes were flooded, and some buildings were destroyed. The mud and garbage brought by flood destroyed fields and gardens [27].

The Locusts

Locust swarms multiplied in vast. They consumed vegetation and caused damage to trees and crops. They even gnawed on metal, rooftops, doors, clothing, and anything they could find. They landed on people’s face, causing them distress.

The Lice (Qummal)

The lice attacked field crops and destroyed them [28].

The Frogs

Frogs started appearing virtually everywhere in Egypt. They were found in food, clothing, and beds of the Copts [29].

The Nile Turns into Blood

The Nile turned into blood. There was something strange about this miracle. The Nile has been turned into blood only for Pharaoh’s people not for the Children of Israel. Whenever Pharaoh’s people saw the Nile or attempted to use its water, they discovered it had turned into blood. The Copts were so desperate that they asked the Children of Israel to put water in mouth then pour it to their mouth. However, when the Children of Israel did it, the water turned into blood again [30].

Additional Miracles Mentioned in the Quran

Two other miracles of Prophet Moses that have been mentioned in the Quran are: being afflicted with barren years and being afflicted with shortage of fruits [31].

These miracles brought affliction upon Pharaoh’s people. As Egypt was an agricultural nation, the years of barrenness were perceived as a severe plague for its inhabitants. Since Pharaoh and his people owned the majority of the land in Egypt, they endured significant losses [32].

Prophet Moses’ Miracles for the Children of Israel

Prophet Moses also performed six miracles specifically for the benefit of the Children of Israel. They will be discussed in detail in this article. These miracles were meant to strengthen Israelites’ faith, provide guidance for them, and rescue them from adversity.

The Sea Parts, and the Children of Israel Cross It

Pharaoh dismissed Prophet Moses’ numerous miracles, and it was proved that he would never believe in God. So, God commanded Moses to lead his people out of Egypt at night [33]. As they escaped, Pharaoh and his army pursued them. The Children of Israel, numbering approximately 620,000, found themselves trapped between the sea and Pharaoh’s army. At that moment, God commanded Moses to strike the sea with his staff. The sea was parted, creating a pathway for The Children of Israeli to cross it [34]. Initially, the ground was wet. It caused some children of Israel to hesitate to cross it. God then sent “a strong east wind” to dry the pathway. During this miraculous crossing, the Children of Israel started complaining to Moses. So, Prophet Moses performed some miracles to assure them [35].

Once the Children of Israel had safely crossed the sea, Pharaoh and his army entered it. Suddenly, waters closed in on Pharaoh, and they all drowned. Their corps floated on water in front of people’s eyes [36]. This significant event has been mentioned in several chapters of the Quran [37].

The Flowing of Twelve Springs

After prophet Moses and the Children of Israel crossed the Nile, they entered the barren desert region of Sinai, known as the Desert of Tih. The Children of Israel were excessively thirty. They complained to Moses, requesting water. Prophet Moses always carried with him a special rock known as the Hijr. He had brought it from Mount Sinai.

In response to the request of the children of Israel, God commanded Moses to strike the rock with his staff. When Prophet Moses struck the rock, suddenly, twelve springs gushed forth from the rock [38]-one for each of the twelve tribes of the Children of Israel. Initially, water flowed gently, but suddenly it gushed forth [39], marking one of Moses’ significant miracles.

The Resurrection of the Murdered Man

A rich old man was murdered by his nephews, who wanted to inherit his wealth. In order to cover up their crimes, they put his dead body near the place where another tribe lived. They came to Moses and demanded justice.

God revealed to Moses that the Children of Israel must slaughter a heifer and strike the dead man’s body with a part of it. In this way, the dead man would be resurrected and reveal the truth. Initially, the Children of Israel doubted Moses’s sincerity. They thought Prophet Moses was mocking them [40]. They then made numerous excuses, asking detailed questions about the heifer’s age, color, and his other characteristics before finally obeying his command [41].

When they obeyed God’s instructions and slaughtered the heifer, the murdered man was resurrected at God’s will. He identified his murderer, and justice was served. The guilty nephews were punished and from that point forward, no murderer could inherit from their victim.

The Shading Clouds

After the Children of Israel crossed the sea, they entered the desert. They complained to Moses, saying, “You brought us to this barren desert. We will die here. We lived in greenfield, while now we are here where there is no shade to protect us from sunlight.” In response, Moses performed a miracle at God’s will: On scorching days, clouds appeared above the Children of Israel, providing shade for them [42].

The Descent of ‘Manna’ and ‘Quails’

Manna was a delicious food that God graciously provided for the Children of Israel. Quail refers to a bird similar to a dove and its tasty meat, it is considered one of the most flavorful meats of birds.

During the forty years of wandering in the barren desert with no food or water, the miracles of Prophet Moses sustained the Children of Israel. Manna was sent by God, and the Children of Israel found it on rocks and plants and ate it. In the evenings, quails descended upon their tablecloths allowing them to eat as much as they wanted. Afterward, the birds would fly away [43].

Mount Sinai Raised Over the Children of Israel

Prophet Moses returned from Mount Sinai with the Torah. When he began to teach it to the Children of Israel, they started to complain about its rules. They claimed that the commandments of the Torah were too burdensome. They rebelled against them and disobeyed God. By God’s command, angels lifted a massive portion of Mount Sinai and raised it over the Children of Israel [44].

Prophet Moses announced to the Children of Israel if they pledged to obey divine commands and repented from disobedience, they would be spared from punishment. Otherwise, the mountain would fall over them and they would crush under it [45]. Out of fear, they accepted the Torah and prostrated themselves before God. Their repentance eventually lifted the threat of divine punishment [46].

Conclusion

This article introduced Judaism. It discussed several theories on whether Judaism is the religion of the Children of Israel or it is a universal religion. Then it discussed the divine scripture given to Prophet Moses, its types, and its significance as mentioned in the Quran. It also recounted the miracles of Moses throughout his mission.

It was stated that Prophet Moses dealt with stubborn people. So, for establishing a divine civilization, he had no choice but to perform great miracles to guide people. Moreover, the most significant miracles of Prophet Moses were introduced and elaborated upon, emphasizing their impact and purpose in his mission.

References

[1]. Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Bihar al-Anwar. vol.16, Ch. 11, h 16, 222.

[2]. Quran, 14:5

[3]. Quran, 17:2; 32:23; 7:103-105; Exodus 3: 9,10

[4]. Quran, 17:2; 32:23

[5]. Quran, 2:53

[6]. Quran, 5:32

[7]. Quran, 20:24

[8]. Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad bin Ali. Uyun Akbar al-Rida. vol.2, Ch. 2, h 13.

[9]. See also Britannica

[10]. Exodus 24:12-18

[11]. Quran, 7:145; 5:44

[12]. Quran, 2:75,79; 3:78; 4:46; 5:13,41

[13]. Exodus 34:28

[14]. Exodus 19-39; 24:13-18

[15]. Exodus, 31:18

[16]. Quran, 2:83-84; 6:151-153; 17:22-39

[17]. Quran, 7:45

[18]. Tabataba’i, Muhammad Husayn. Tafsir Al-Mizan– An Exegesis of the Quran. vol.16, p. 108.

[19]. Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of al-Tabari. Translated by William M. Brinner. New York: State University of New York Press (1991): 33-34; Quran, 2:49; Exodus 1:15-21

[20]. Quran, 28:7-13

[21]. Quran, 20:19-20

[22]. Quran, 20:22

[23]. Quran, 7: 107-108

[24]. Quran, 7:109; 7:111-118; Exodus 7:8-12

[25]. Quran, 7:116-118

[26]. Quran, 7:130-135; Exodus 7:13-14

[27]. Quran, 7:133

[28]. Quran, 7:133; Makarem Shirazi, Naser. Tafsir Nemooneh. Tehran: Dar Al Kutub Al Islamiyah (1995): vol.6, p. 322.

[29]. Exodus 8:1-15

[30]. Quran, 7:133; Exodus 7:17-25; Qummi, Ali Ibne Ibrahim. Tafsir Qummi. Translated by Sayyid Athar Hussain S.H. Rizvi. vol.2, p. 195.

[31]. Quran, 7:130

[32]. Makarem Shirazi. Tafsir Nemooneh. vol.6, p. 315.

[33]. Ibid. vol.1, p. 251.

[34]. Exodus 12:37; 14:6-8; 14:21-22; Quran, 26:60; 26:63-65

[35]. Quran, 26:63

[36]. Makarem Shirazi. Tafsir Nemooneh. vol.1, p. 251.

[37]. Quran, 7:136; 26:63-66; 8:54; 17:103; 43:55; 44:17

[38]. Majlisi. Bihar al-Anwar. vol.13, Ch. 2, h 54, 106.

[39]. Shaykh Tusi, Muhammad bin Hassan. At-Tibyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, vol.5, p. 8.

[40]. Quran, 2:67-73

[41]. Quran, 2:67-73

[42]. Qummi. Tafsir Qummi. vol.1, p. 175.

[43]. Ibid.; Quran, 2:57

[44]. Quran, 2:63; Faghih Imani, Sayyid Kamal. An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qu’ran. Translated by Sayyid Abbas Sadr-‘ameli. vol. 1, p. 146.

[45]. Quran, 7:171

[46]. Faghih Imani. An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qu’ran. vol. 1, p. 146.